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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate postmenopausal women to determine whether an anogenital index (AGI) is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) based on the hypothesis that the effects of menopause are similar for both. METHODS: A total of 338 generally healthy postmenopausal women who were referred for a routine annual check and 140 women who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Based on the menopausal status, the women were classified into natural menopause and surgical menopause. AGI was calculated by dividing anogenital distance by body mass index. The BMD of the femoral neck, body of the femur, and lumbar spine (L1 and L2) was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant and same-directional correlation between age and AGI for all cases (r=0.234 and p=0.005). The AGI level decreased as the parity increased (r=-0.582 and p<0.001). The AGI level decreased significantly as the menopause duration was prolonged (r=0.288 and p<0.001). While there was no statistically significant correlation between L2-L4 BMD and AGI (p=0.128), as the femur and femoral neck BMD levels increased, the AGI level increased statistically significantly (r=0.330 and p<0.001, r=0.292 and p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The AGI levels in healthy postmenopausal women give preliminary information about their BMD status. A decrease in AGI levels may predict lower BMD in postmenopausal women. Further larger and well-controlled studies may be required to determine the relationship between AGI and BMD in the future.
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Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. Methods The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained fromthe charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. Results The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n=77 and 20.7% [n=47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged>30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p=0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p=0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement>360mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04 -145.56; p<0.001)) and<345mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p<0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p=0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p=0.041), and cervical dilatation<5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p=0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. Conclusion This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the Csection indications.